Advanced Topics

Flex Container Properties

• display: flex: Creates a flex container
• flex-direction: Defines the direction of the flex items
• justify-content: Aligns items along the main axis
• align-items: Aligns items along the cross axis
• flex-wrap: Defines whether items are forced in a single line or can wrap
• align-content: Aligns flex lines when there is extra space

.flex-container {
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;          /* Default: row */
    justify-content: center;      /* Main axis alignment */
    align-items: center;          /* Cross axis alignment */
    flex-wrap: nowrap;            /* Default: nowrap */
    align-content: stretch;       /* For multi-line flex containers */
}

Flex Item Properties

• order: Controls the order of flex items
• flex-grow: Defines how much a flex item grows relative to others
• flex-shrink: Defines how much a flex item shrinks relative to others
• flex-basis: Defines the initial size of a flex item
• flex: Shorthand for flex-grow, flex-shrink, and flex-basis
• align-self: Allows individual flex items to override align-items

.flex-item {
    order: 1;           /* Default: 0 */
    flex-grow: 1;       /* Default: 0 */
    flex-shrink: 1;     /* Default: 1 */
    flex-basis: auto;   /* Default: auto */
    flex: 1 1 auto;     /* Shorthand: grow shrink basis */
    align-self: center; /* Override container align-items */
}

Grid Container Properties

• display: grid: Creates a block-level grid container
• display: inline-grid: Creates an inline-level grid container
• grid-template-columns: Defines the number and sizes of columns
• grid-template-rows: Defines the number and sizes of rows
• grid-template-areas: Defines grid areas using template strings
• grid-gap: Shorthand for grid-row-gap and grid-column-gap

.grid-container {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 2fr 1fr;    /* Three columns */
    grid-template-rows: auto 100px 1fr;    /* Three rows */
    grid-gap: 10px;                        /* Gap between items */
    grid-template-areas: 
        "header header header"
        "sidebar main aside"
        "footer footer footer";
}

Grid Item Properties

• grid-column-start/end: Sets the horizontal placement of an item
• grid-column: Shorthand for grid-column-start and grid-column-end
• grid-row-start/end: Sets the vertical placement of an item
• grid-row: Shorthand for grid-row-start and grid-row-end
• grid-area: Sets grid item's grid area name or position
• justify-self: Aligns a grid item inside its container along the inline axis
• align-self: Aligns a grid item inside its container along the block axis

.grid-item {
    grid-column-start: 1;
    grid-column-end: 3;
    grid-column: 1 / 3;              /* Shorthand */
    grid-row: 1 / 3;                /* From row 1 to row 3 */
    grid-area: main;                 /* Or "row / col" format */
    justify-self: center;            /* Align horizontally */
    align-self: start;               /* Align vertically */
}

Animation Properties

• @keyframes: Defines the animation keyframes
• animation-name: Specifies the name of the @keyframes
• animation-duration: Sets how long the animation takes
• animation-timing-function: Defines the speed curve
• animation-delay: Sets a delay before the animation starts
• animation-iteration-count: Defines how many times the animation plays
• animation-direction: Sets the direction of the animation
• animation-fill-mode: Sets styles when the animation is not playing
• animation-play-state: Controls whether the animation is running or paused

/* Define the animation */
@keyframes slideIn {
    0% {
        transform: translateX(-100%);
        opacity: 0;
    }
    100% {
        transform: translateX(0);
        opacity: 1;
    }
}

.animated-element {
    animation-name: slideIn;
    animation-duration: 0.5s;
    animation-timing-function: ease-out;
    animation-delay: 0s;
    animation-iteration-count: 1;
    animation-direction: normal;
    animation-fill-mode: forwards;
}

Transform Properties

Transforms allow you to rotate, scale, skew, or translate elements.

.transformed-element {
    transform: rotate(45deg);          /* Rotate 45 degrees */
    transform: scale(1.5);             /* Scale to 150% */
    transform: translate(50px, 20px);  /* Move 50px right, 20px down */
    transform: skew(20deg, 10deg);     /* Skew X and Y axes */
    
    /* Multiple transforms combined */
    transform: rotate(30deg) scale(1.2) translate(20px, 10px);
}

Media Queries

Media queries allow you to apply different CSS rules based on device characteristics.

/* Mobile First Approach */
/* Base styles for all devices */
.container {
    width: 100%;
    padding: 10px;
}

/* Tablet styles */
@media screen and (min-width: 768px) {
    .container {
        width: 750px;
        margin: 0 auto;
    }
}

/* Desktop styles */
@media screen and (min-width: 1024px) {
    .container {
        width: 1000px;
    }
}

/* High-resolution displays */
@media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 192dpi) {
    .logo {
        background-image: url('logo@2x.png');
        background-size: 100px 50px;
    }
}

Responsive Units

• em: Relative to the font-size of the element
• rem: Relative to the font-size of the root element
• %: Percentage of the parent element
• vw/vh: Percentage of the viewport width/height
• fr: Fractional unit for Grid layouts

/* Using responsive units */
.responsive-text {
    font-size: 1.5rem;      /* 1.5 times the root font size */
    width: 80%;             /* 80% of parent width */
    height: 50vh;           /* 50% of viewport height */
    margin: 2em;            /* 2 times the element's font size */
}

.grid-layout {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1fr 2fr 1fr;  /* Flexible columns */
}